[Chronology of events]
[Persons]
[Political]
[Institutions]
[Adm. units]
[Ethnic groups]
[Main]
Ethnic groups
[List by name]
[List by size]
[List by Adm. unit]
[Detail]
Udmurts
Norsk betegnelse:Udmurter (pers. fl.t.), udmurtisk
Russisk betegnelse:Udmurtskiy
Alternativt navn:Votyaks, Ary, Aryane, Otyaks
Undergrupper:
Northern and southern groups. Another group is made up of a people that was formerly called the Besermen, that have now been assimilated by the Udmurts.
The Udmurts are closely related to the Komi and the Komi-Permyaks.
Religion:Orthodox Christians, traditional faiths (animism, shamanism).
Språk:Udmurt (northern and southern dialects)
Språkfamilie:Ural-yukagirian: Finno-ugric group
Utdanningsnivå:
Spredning Russland:
the republic of Udmurtiya, Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, Mari-El, Perm oblast, Kirov oblast, Tuymen oblast, Sverdlovsk oblast.
Diaspora:
Kazakhstan, Ukraina, Uzbekistan, Belarus
Historikk:
According to most historians, the Udmurts appeared as an identifiable ethnic group in the 6th c. They survivied through slash-and-burn agriculture, hunting, fishing and small-scale local commerce. In the 8th c., they fell under Khazar dominance, but by the mid 9th. c, the Volga Bulgarians had significantly increased their cultural and political influence in the region, and displaced Khazar influence among the Udmurts. The Volga-Bulgarians remained in control until the Mongol-Tatars conquered the Udmurt land in the 1230s. Russian cultural and economic contacts with the Udmurt date back to the 12th c., but it was not until the middle of the 16th c. that the Russians established control over the territory. The area along the Middle and Upper Vyatka river was incorporated into Russia in 1489, and in 1552, the Kama Udmurts voluntarily accepted annexation by Russia.
Russian Orthodox missionaries first reached the Udmurt in the 16th c., and began the long, difficult attempt to convert them to Christianity. In the early 1800s, Russian nationalists began to worry about all the distinct nationalities among them, and the missionary work was intensified, along with efforts to develop literary languages for the Udmurts and other groups, based on the Cyrillic alphabet. Most of the Udmurts only superficially accepted Christianity, and those living in close proximity to the Tatars also adopted elements of Islam.
In 1920, three years after the Bolshevik revolution, the Votyak Autonomous Oblast (AO) was established for the Udmurts. In 1932 it was renamed the Udmurt AO, and in 1934 it was elevated to Udmurt ASSR. In the 1930s, collectivization, different industrialization drives, the introduction of Russian as the language of instruction in public schools brought major changes to the life of the Udmurts. But still, they have maintained a surprisingly cohesive sense of identity up to the present date.
'UDMURTIAN' fordelt på administrative enheter
1989
| Adm. enhet | Antall | % av
gruppen | Antall eget språk | Antall russisk | Antall andre |
| Total | 714800 | 100% |
|
|
|
| Udmurtiya |
496522 |
69,46% |
375695 (75,67%) |
120560 (24,28%) |
303 (0,06%) |
| Perm |
32756 |
4,58% |
19131 (58,40%) |
13522 (41,28%) |
103 (0,31%) |
| Tatarstan |
24796 |
3,47% |
21532 (86,84%) |
3068 (12,37%) |
196 (0,79%) |
| Kirov |
22955 |
3,21% |
14343 (62,48%) |
8592 (37,43%) |
20 (0,09%) |
| Irkutsk |
3174 |
0,44% |
1323 (41,68%) |
1842 (58,03%) |
9 (0,28%) |
[NUPI Home Page] [NUPI - Centre for Russian Studies]
Comments on content: russia@nupi.no
Technical questions: russia.tech@nupi.no
09. februar 2010 - 38.107.191.95